Chapter 5: Section 1, Discussion Questions

1. The principal concerns expressed in the codes have to do with the rights of citizens in court, along with the acceptable charges and punishments to be brought about a person when he commits a felony. Marriage, ownership, the destruction of ones property or possession, and stolen items are all situations for which the code discusses proper action.

2. These concerns suggest that at the time Rome was undergoing social and economic difficulties due to the citizens of Rome having disagreements over the coruse that the new government should take, and what roles the citizens should play in the new government. It shows that the lower class, the plebeians, had previously not been granted equal rights as the upper class, the patricians, and conflict was occurring because the plebeians were demanding equal rights under the new government.

3. These laws reflect that the plebeian class gained more rights than they had been previously granted. This was a triumph for the plebeians because it brought them a step closer to equality and fair justice. 

Chapter 5: Section 3, Discussion Questions

1. To lead a good life on earth and gain eternal life in the hereafter, Cicero considered it essential to value the country above everything else. He believed stronly in patriotism, and that by honoring the country one was doing his best for God. To Cicero, the most important thing was to preserve the union of soul and body and instead of trying to escape it to have the soul seek heaven, to try to use it as a gift and do with it as much good as possible.

2. According to Cicero, these values were being undermined because people were seeking not to do their best within their own bodies on earth, but to escape their bodies and be with God. The consequence of this was that God would not admit them into heaven because they did not fulfill the condition on which they received their being, which was to strive to take care of the earth which they were given.

3. This story suggests that Romans believed that their lives on earth were only temporary and that they were there because of the will of God. The world was only a place that God had created for them as just part of his universe, and to be admitted to heaven you must fulfill your duties on earth.

Chapter 7: Section 1, Discussion Questions

1. The wording of the Nicene Creed was intended to refute the Arian position by denouncing them as polytheistic because they believed that Jesus Christ, the son of God, or created by God and was not of the same substance as God (God our Father), implying two separate Gods. By defining "correct belief" as that there is only one God, God our Father, and only one lord, Lord Jesus Christ, his Son, who was begotten with the same substance as the Father, the church puts into place having any contradicting beliefs (which those of the Arians were) considered heresy.

2. The beliefs that there is only one god, God the Father, and that there is Lord, Jesus Christ, who was his son and begotten but not created by God, as well as the resurrection of Jesus after he descended to earth as a human and the belief in the Holy Ghost are all essential doctrinal beliefs about Christianity that are  stated in the Nicene Creed.

3. As the church grew, it changed because many different people had opposing views on specifics in the doctrine and as a result, schisms occurred. 

Chapter 7: Section 4, Discussion Questions

1. These laws reveal that the social and political structure of the Burgundian kingdom was very structured and strict. Classes were very distinct, and laws and corresponding punishments reflected these classes. For example, a person committing a crime to a Roman Nobleman would pay a much higher price than he would if he had committed the same crime to a slave.

2. This code reveals that Burgundian women received hardly any rights. Their main role in society was to produce babies; they were not allowed to possess ownership of land and the male of the house was the primary decision maker, including decisions about the female. For example, a husband was allowed to leave (divorce) his wife with no explanation as long as he paid her a set fee. Women's rights were so limited that they were not even allowed to give, sell, trade or transfer any of the things which she received in her marriage gift.

3. Burgundian and Roman interaction can be seen in the first section of the document, entitled First Constitution. In this document, it is being explained that Romans and Burgundians must be treated equally under the same law.

Chapter 10: Section 2, Discussion Questions

1. Henry IV means, by denouncing the pope as a "false monk", that the pope did not gain his status by fair practices that the church allows but instead by corrups deals involving money and bribes. He believes that the pope was not graced by God and is unworthy of his position as head of Christianity.

2. The emperor's denunciations reveal that Henry believes that the source of his power if from God, that God graced him as King. Because of this, Henry also believes that his power extends over the entire empire and his decisions are to be honored over those of the Pope. 

3. The emperor's view of himself as a King appointed by God, and therefore qualified to appoint positions of authority within the Christian faith, conflicted with Gregory's understanding of his own authority, which he believed, as head of the Christian church, was to handle all matters within the church and leaad the people of the Christian faith. The result of each leader believing to have the same responsibility resulted in the excommunication and deposition of the emporer so that the power of the Pope was restored.

Chapter 12: section 4, Discussion Questions

1. It might have been in the best interest of both Alexander Nevsky and the chroniclers to emphasize the Western threats of Europeans, Byzantines  and Mongols because each threat served as the possibility of them losing their own power because they were defeated by one of the threats.

2.